Suggested Readings and References

• 1. Armstrong, S.E., Mariano, J.A. and Lundin, D.J.  The Scope of Mycoplasma Contamination within the Biopharmaceutical Industry.  Biologicals 38: 211-213 (2010).
• 2. Armstrong, S.E., Mariano, J.A., Martino, C.A., and Ryan, J.A.  Identifying Mycoplasma Contamination:  Concepts and Tools, In Microbial Identification:  The Keys to a Successful Program.  M. Griffin and D. Reber (Eds.), PDA and Davis Healthcare International Publishing (2102),  Chapter 8: 185-220. 
• 3. Barile, M. F. and Kern, J. Isolation of Mycoplasma arginini from Commercial Bovine Sera and Its Implication in Contaminated Cell Cultures. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 138:432-437 (1971).
• 4. Barile, M. F., Hopps, H. E., Grabowski, M. W., Riggs, D. B. and Del Giudice, R. A. The Identification and Sources of Mycoplasmas Isolated from Contaminated Cell Cultures. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 225:251-264 (1973)
• 5. Barile, M. F. Mycoplasmal Contamination of Cell Cultures: Mycoplasma - Virus - Cell Culture Interactions. In Contamination in Tissue Culture, J. Fogh, ed. (Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1973) p. 131-171.
• 6. Barile, M. Mycoplasma Contamination of Cell Cultures: a Status Report. In Cell Culture and Its Applications. (Academic Press, New York, 1977) p. 291-334.
• 7. Barile, M. and McGarrity, G. J. Isolation of Mycoplasmas from Cell Cultures by Agar and Broth Techniques. In Methods in Mycoplasmology, Vol. 2, J. G. Tully and S. Razin, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1983) p. 159-165.
• 8. Barkley, W. E. Safety Considerations in the Cell Culture Laboratory. In Methods in Enzymology: Cell Culture, Vol. 58. W. B. Jacoby and I. H. Pastan, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) p. 36-44.
• 9. Bolske, G. Survey of Mycoplasma Infections in Cell Cultures and a Comparison of Detection Methods. Zentralbi Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 269(3):331-3340 (1988).
• 10. Buehring, G. C., Eby, E. A., Eby M. J. Cell Line Cross-Contamination: How Aware are Mammalian Cell Culturists of the Problem and How to Monitor It? In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 40(7):211-5 (2004).
• 11. CBER, FDA, Points to Consider in the Characterization of Cell Lines Used to Produce Biologicals, Attachment #2 - Recommended Procedures for Detection of Mycoplasma Contamination in Biological Products in Cell Substrates (1993).
• 12. CBER, FDA, Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substrates and Other Biological Starting Materials Used in the Productions of Viral Vaccines for the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases (Draft guidance September 2006).
• 13. Chen, T. R. In Situ Detection of Mycoplasma Contamination in Cell Cultures by Fluorescent Hoechst 33258 Stain. Exp. Cell Res. 104:255 (1977).
• 14. Code of Federal Regulations 21 CFR Ch. 1 (4/4/01 edition) § 610.30 Subpart D-Mycoplasma.
• 15. Coecke, S. et al. Guidance on Good Cell Culture Practice. ATLA 33:261-287 (2005).
• 16. Contamination in Tissue Culture. J. Fogh, ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1973).
• 17. Crueger, W. Sterile Techniques in Biotechnology. In Biotechnology Focus 2, (Hanser Publishers, Munich, 1990) p. 393.
• 18. Del Giudice, R. A. and Gardella, R. S. Mycoplasma Infection of Cell Culture: Effects, Incidence, and Detection. In M. K. Patterson (ed.), In Vitro monograph no. 5. Use and Standardization of Vertebrate Cell Cultures. (Tissue Culture Association, Gaithersburg, MD; 1984) p. 104-115.
• 19. Del Guidice, R. A. and Hopps, H. E. Microbiological Methods and Fluorescent Microscopy for the Direct Demonstration of Mycoplasma Infection of Cell Cultures. In G. J. McGarrity, D. G. Murphy and W. W. Nichols, editors. Mycoplasma Infection of Cell Cultures, (Plenum, New York; 1978) p. 57-69.
• 20. Drexler, H. G. and Uphoff, C. C. Mycoplasma Contamination of Cell Cultures: Incidence, Sources, Effects, Detection, Elimination, Prevention. Cytotechnology 39:75-90 (2002).
• 21. European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur) 6.0 Vol. 1 Mycoplasmas, general chapter 2.6.7. Strasboug, France: Council of Europe (2007).
• 22. Fleckenstein, E. and Drexler H. G. Elimination of Mycoplasma Contamination in Cell Cultures. Biochemica 1: 48-51 (1996).
• 23. Freshney, R. I. Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique. (Fourth edition; Wiley-Liss, New York, 2000) Chapters 5, 8, 12 and 18.
• 24. Fogh, J., Holmgren, N. B. and Ludovici, P. P. A Review of Cell Culture Contaminations. In Vitro 7(1): 26-41 (1971).
• 25. Gabridge, M. G. and Lundin, D. J. Optimal Culture Conditions for Detection and Isolation of Mycoplasma Contaminants from Cell Cultures. In G. Stanek, G. H. Cassell, J. G. Tully and R. F. Whitcomb (ed.). Recent Advances in Mycoplasmology: Proceedings of the 7^th Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology. (Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 1990) p. 943-944.
• 26. Hughes, P., Marshall, D., Reid, Y., Parkes, H. and Gelber, C. The Costs of Using Unauthenticated, Over-passaged Cell Lines: How Much More Data Do We Need? BioTechniques 43:575-586 (2007).
• 27. Japanese Pharmacopoeia Fifteenth Edition chapter 14: Mycoplasma Testing for Cell Substrates Used for the Production of Biotechnological/ Biological Products (2006).
• 28. Kuhlmann, I. The Prophylactic Use of Antibiotics in Cell Culture. Cytotechnology 19: 95-105 (1996).
• 29. Lincoln, C. K., and Lundin, D. J. Mycoplasma Detection and Control. United States Federation for Culture Collection Newsletter 20 (4):1-3 (1990).
• 30. Lincoln, K. L., and Gabridge, M. G. Cell Culture Contamination: Sources, Consequences, Prevention and Elimination. In Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57 Academic Press, New York, 1998) p. 49-65.
• 31. Lundin, D. J. and Lincoln, C. K. Mycoplasmal Contamination of Cell Cultures within the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory. Amer. Clin. Lab. April (1994)
• 32. Luzak, J., Pawar, S. A., Knower, S. A., Cox, M. S., Dubose Jr., J. and Harbell, J. W. Trends in the Incidence and Distribution of Mycoplasma Contamination Detected in Cell Lines and Their Products. (Presented at the World Congress on Cell and Tissue Culture, June, 1993).
• 33. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. P. R. Murray, E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. A. Pfaller, and R. H. Yolken, editors; (8th edition ASM Press, Washington DC, 2003).
• 34. McGarrity, G. J. Spread and Control of Mycoplasmal Infection of Cell Cultures. In Vitro 12:643-647 (1976).
• 35. McGarrity, G. J. Detection of Contamination. In Methods in Enzymology: Cell Culture, Vol. 58, W. B. Jacoby and I. H. Pasten, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) p. 18-29.
• 36. McGarrity, G. J., Sarama, J. and Vanaman, V. Factors Influencing Microbiological Assay of Cell-Culture Mycoplasmas. In Vitro 15(2):73-81 (1979).
• 37. McGarrity G. J., Steiner, T. and Vanaman, V. Detection of Mycoplasmal Infection of Cell Cultures by DNA Fluorochrome Staining. In Methods in Mycoplasmology, Vol. 2, J. G. Tully and S. Razin, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1983) p. 183-190.
• 38. McGarrity, G. J., Sarama, J. and Vanaman, V. Cell Culture Techniques. ASM News 51:170-183 (1985).
• 39. McGarrity, G. J. Working Group on Cell Culture Mycoplasmas. Annual report to the International Research Program in Comparative Mycoplasmology (International Organization of Mycoplasmology, 1988).
• 40. Mifflin, T. E. Setting Up a PCR Laboratory. Cold Spring Harbor Protocols doi:10.1101/pdb.top14 (2007).
• 41. Perlman, D. Use of Antibiotics in Cell Culture Media. In Methods in Enzymology: Cell Culture, Vol. 58, W. B. Jacoby and I. H. Pasten, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) p. 110-116.
• 42. Proceedings from the PDA Workshop on Mycoplasma Contamination by Plant Peptones. B.J. Potts, ed. (Parenteral Drug Association, Bethesda, MD; 2007).
• 43. Robinson, L. B., Wichelhausen, R. H. and Roizman, B. Contamination of Human Cell Cultures by Pleuropneumonia-like Organisms. Science 124:1147-1148 (1956).
• 44. Roche, K. L. and Levy, R. V. Methods Used to Validate Microporous Membranes for the Removal of Mycoplasma. BioPharm, April: 22-33, (1992).
• 45. Rottem, S. and Barile, M. F. Beware of Mycoplasmas. Trends in Biotechnology 11:143-150 (1993).
• 46. Ryan, J. A. Understanding and Managing Cell Culture Contamination. Corning, Inc. Technical Bulletin CLS-AN-020 REV2 (2008a; Available in the Technical Document Library on the Corning Life Sciences web site at www.corning.com/lifesciences.)
• 47. Ryan, J. A. General Guide for Cryogenically Storing Animal Cell Cultures. Corning, Inc. Technical Bulletin (2004; Available in the Technical Document Library on the Corning Life Sciences web site at www.corning.com/lifesciences.
• 48. Ryan, J. A. Guide for Identifying and Correcting Common Cell Growth Problems. Corning, Inc. Technical Bulletin (2008b; Available in the Technical Document Library on the Corning Life Sciences web site at www.corning.com/lifesciences.)
• 49. Stacey, G.N. and Masters, J.R.  Cryopreservation and Banking of Mammalian Cell Lines.  Nature Protocols 3: 1981-1989 (2008).
• 50. Stanbridge, E. Mycoplasmas and Cell Culture. Bacteriological Reviews 35(2):206-227 (1971).
• 51. Wolf, K. and Quimby, M. C. Towards a Practical Fail-Safe System of Managing Poikilothermic Vertebrate Cell Lines in Culture. In Vitro 8(4):316-321 (1973).
• 52. Wolf, K. Laboratory Management of Cell Cultures. In Methods in Enzymology: Cell Culture, Vol. 58, W. B. Jacoby and I. H. Pasten, eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1979) p. 116-119.

Please call or contact us online to reach our technical experts at Bionique^® Testing Laboratories if you have any questions on this material or require additional information.

Return to the Mycoplasma Resource Center...